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Jack Leon Ruby (born Jacob Leon Rubenstein; March 25, 1911〔The Warren Commission found that various dates were given in the records for Ruby's birth; the one most used by Ruby himself was March 25, 1911 (''The Warren Report: Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy'', 1964). His tombstone at Westlawn Cemetery, Chicago has April 25, 1911 as his birthdate〕 – January 3, 1967) was a nightclub operator in Dallas, Texas. On November 24, 1963, Ruby fatally shot Lee Harvey Oswald, who was in police custody after being charged with the murder of President John F. Kennedy two days earlier. A Dallas jury found Ruby guilty of murdering Oswald, and Ruby was sentenced to death. Later, Ruby appealed his conviction, had it overturned and was granted a new trial. As the date for his new trial was being set, Ruby became ill and died of a pulmonary embolism due to lung cancer, being constitutionally presumed innocent at the time.〔(New York Times ) Retrieved September 19, 2015〕〔(www.history.co.uk ) Retrieved September 19, 2015〕 Many researchers contend Ruby was involved with major figures in organized crime, and conspiracy theorists widely assert that Ruby killed Oswald as part of an overall plot surrounding the assassination of President Kennedy. Others have argued against this, saying that Ruby's connection with gangsters was minimal at most, or circumstantial, and also that Ruby was not the sort to be entrusted with such an act within a high-level conspiracy. ==Childhood and early life== Jack Ruby was born Jacob Leon Rubenstein to Joseph Rubenstein (1871–1958) and Fannie Turek Rutkowski (or Rokowsky), both Polish-born, Orthodox Jews, in Chicago, on March 25, 1911. The fifth of his parents' ten surviving children, growing up in the Maxwell Street area of Chicago, Ruby had a troubled childhood and adolescence, marked by juvenile delinquency and time spent in foster homes. On June 6, 1922, aged 11, he was arrested for truancy. Ruby eventually skipped school enough times that he spent time at the Institute of Juvenile Research. Young Ruby sold horse-racing tip sheets and various other novelties, then acted as business agent for a local refuse collectors union that later became part of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters.〔Summers, Anthony. ''Not in Your Lifetime'', (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), p. 332. ISBN 1-56924-739-0〕 Ruby, since early childhood, was called "Sparky" by those who knew him. His sister, Eva Grant, said that he acquired the nickname because he resembled a slow-moving horse named "Spark Plug" or "Sparky" in a contemporary comic strip.〔 She stated that he did not like the nickname and was quick to fight anyone who called him it.〔 Other accounts gave credence to the idea that the name was connected to his quick temper.〔 In the 1940s, Ruby frequented race tracks in Illinois and California. He was drafted in 1943 and served in the Army Air Forces during World War II, working as an aircraft mechanic at bases in the US until 1946. He had an honorable record and was promoted to Private First Class. Upon discharge, on February 21, 1946, Ruby returned to Chicago. In 1947, Ruby moved to Dallas where he and his brothers soon afterward shortened their surnames from Rubenstein to Ruby. The stated reason for changing the family name was that the name Rubenstein was too long and because he was "well known" as Jack Ruby. Ruby later went on to manage various nightclubs, strip clubs, and dance halls. Among the strippers Ruby befriended was Candy Barr. Ruby developed close ties to many Dallas Police Department officers who frequented his nightclubs, where he provided them with free liquor, prostitutes and other favors.〔(Ruby's Friendships with Police Officers ), House Select Committee on Assassinations – Appendix to Hearings, Volume 9, 5, pp. 127-130.〕 In 1959, Ruby went to Cuba ostensibly to visit a friend, influential Dallas gambler Lewis McWillie, an associate of Mafia boss Santo Trafficante. Ruby may have met directly with Trafficante on those visits, according to the testimony of British journalist John Wilson-Hudson who was imprisoned in Cuba at the time.〔(ARRB 1995 Releases,RIF#: 104-10015-10440(11/28/63) CIA#: 201-289248 )〕 (Trafficante operated major casinos in Cuba and was briefly imprisoned after Fidel Castro came to power.) Ruby never married or had children. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jack Ruby」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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